This is an old article that I never published, but I'm making it available now, "as-is". Some of the instructions may be outdated, but I hope you find it helpful.
Recently I had the need to create a more secure wireless network connection. Bluetooth NAP came up as a viable solution, for a number of reasons:
- Short Range
- Fewer Sniffing/Hacking/War-driving tools
- Mobile device support (Android/IOS)
I'll detail some of the configuration challenges and pairing procedures to get it up and running.
Prerequisites
- Linux beaglebone 3.8.13-bone50 #1 SMP Tue May 13 13:24:52 UTC 2014 armv7l GNU/Linux
- Bluetooth USB Dongle: GBU521 (http://www.iogear.com/product/GBU521/)
- Powered USB Hub (IO Gear Bluetooth adapter will not work when directly plugged into Beaglebone)
Get Bluetooth up and running
Update servers/folders/file names:
sudo apt-get update
Bring installed packages up-to-date:
sudo apt-get upgrade
Install necessary packages:
sudo apt-get install bluez bluez-tools bridge-utils
Ensure Bluetooth is up and running by listing loaded Kernel modules:
debian@beaglebone:~$ lsmod
Module Size Used by
rfcomm 26769 10
bnep 8909 2
g_multi 50407 2
libcomposite 15028 1 g_multi
btusb 10339 0
bluetooth 159258 24 bnep,btusb,rfcomm
rfkill 16672 2 bluetooth
mt7601Usta 641118 0
Verify Bluetooth Stack
See if device is up via bluez:
debian@beaglebone:~$ hciconfig -a
hci0: Type: BR/EDR Bus: USB
BD Address: 00:02:72:CC:B8:47 ACL MTU: 1021:8 SCO MTU: 64:1
UP RUNNING PSCAN
RX bytes:1351 acl:0 sco:0 events:60 errors:0
TX bytes:1333 acl:0 sco:0 commands:60 errors:0
Features: 0xbf 0xfe 0xcf 0xfe 0xdb 0xff 0x7b 0x87
Packet type: DM1 DM3 DM5 DH1 DH3 DH5 HV1 HV2 HV3
Link policy: RSWITCH SNIFF
Link mode: SLAVE ACCEPT
Name: 'beaglebone-0'
Class: 0x420100
Service Classes: Networking, Telephony
Device Class: Computer, Uncategorized
HCI Version: 4.0 (0x6) Revision: 0x1000
LMP Version: 4.0 (0x6) Subversion: 0x220e
Manufacturer: Broadcom Corporation (15)
Pair Beaglebone and Device
NOTE: Make sure you have a discoverable Bluetooth device turned on now...
Test scanning:
debian@beaglebone:~$ hcitool scan
Scanning ...
60:A4:4C:00:00:00 CGM Nexus 7
Configure local Bluetooth settings:
debian@beaglebone:~$ bluez-test-adapter name honeypot
debian@beaglebone:~$ bluez-test-adapter pairable on
debian@beaglebone:~$ bluez-test-adapter discoverable on
debian@beaglebone:~$ bluez-test-adapter discoverabletimeout 30
NOTE: After setting discoverable to on, you must scan for the beaglebone before the timeout. If you took too long, simple set discoverable to on again.
Pair the beaglebone to the other device
debian@beaglebone:~$ bluez-simple-agent
Agent registered
RequestConfirmation (/org/bluez/15561/hci0/dev_60_A4_4C_B7_C0_A2, 945453)
Confirm passkey (yes/no): yes
Press CTRL-C to quit simple agent....
Add the other device to the trusted list
debian@beaglebone:~$ bluez-test-device trusted 60:A4:4C:B7:C0:A2 yes
At this point the devices are paired, but no services are running on the Beaglebone.
Configure Services
Add NAP service to Beaglebone by editing bluez-nap-server:
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo nano /usr/local/bin/bluez-nap-server
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
import time
import dbus
from optparse import OptionParser, make_option
bus = dbus.SystemBus()
manager = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object("org.bluez", "/"), "org.bluez.Manager")
option_list = [
make_option("-i", "--device", action="store", type="string", dest="dev_id"),
]
parser = OptionParser(option_list=option_list)
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
if options.dev_id:
adapter_path = manager.FindAdapter(options.dev_id)
else:
adapter_path = manager.DefaultAdapter()
server = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object("org.bluez", adapter_path), "org.bluez.NetworkServer")
service = "nap"
if (len(args) < 1):
bridge = "tether"
else:
bridge = args[0]
server.Register(service, bridge)
print "Server for %s registered for %s" % (service, bridge)
while True:
time.sleep(1000)
Make it an executable file:
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/bluez-nap-server
Start it at boot by creating/editing a service file:
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/bluez-nap.service
[Unit]
Description=Bluetooth NAP Server
After=syslog.target
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/bluez-nap-server br0
WorkingDirectory=/home/debian
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Enable the service:
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo systemctl enable bluez-nap.service
Enable DHCP by modifying udhcpd config file:
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo nano /etc/udhcpd.conf
start 169.254.7.2
end 169.254.7.2
interface br0
max_leases 1
option subnet 255.255.255.252
Create Bluetooth Bridge interface (add to end of interface file, after usb0 definition):
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
# Bluetooth NAP interface
auto br0
iface br0 inet static
address 169.254.7.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
bridge_ports none
bridge_fd 5
bridge_stp no
Reset and restart services
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo systemctl restart networking.service
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo systemctl restart udhcpd.service
debian@beaglebone:~$ sudo systemctl restart bluez-nap.service
References
- http://notes.pitfall.org/ip-over-bluetooth-to-a-raspberry-pi.html
- http://www.hkepc.com/forum/viewthread.php?tid=1710030
- http://forum.doozan.com/read.php?2,2698
- https://viaforensics.com/articles-presentations/bluetooth-packet-capture-android.html
- https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1129449
- http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/346552-personal-area-networking-with-bluetooth
- https://github.com/Douglas6/pinaple
- http://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=36889&p=479992h
